๋ณธ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ
Project ESG+AI/[์‚ผ์ •KPMG]ESG ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ’€์Šคํ… ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

51์ผ์ฐจ.

by GreenJin_S2 2025. 12. 24.

 

 

 

 


์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋งŒ ์ปค์„œ ์—ด๊ธฐ 

 


251224 ์†๊ธ€์”จ MNIST ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์ดํ† ์น˜๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ.

 

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•Œ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์šด๋ฐ›๊ธฐ

MNIST Dataset

 

MNIST Dataset

The MNIST database of handwritten digits (http://yann.lecun.com)

www.kaggle.com

 

 


๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ  |  TensorFlow Datasets

 

๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ  |  TensorFlow Datasets

์ด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋Š” Cloud Translation API๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋‚ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ค์ •์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์†์œผ๋กœ ์“ด ์ˆซ์ž์˜ MNIST ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜

www.tensorflow.org

 

ํ…์„œํ”Œ๋กœ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋งํฌ

 

 

์•Œ์ง‘ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ 


 

 

 

์šฐ์„  ๊ณต ํŒŒ์ผ๊ณผ ํด๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ

 

 

 

 


 

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—

 

# ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ํ•™์Šต์˜ Hello World ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ MNIST(์†๊ธ€์”จ ์ˆซ์ž ์ธ์‹) ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ํ’€์–ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. import tensorflow as tf from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data # ํ…์„œํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ mnist ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋กœ๋“œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. # ์ง€์ •ํ•œ ํด๋”์— MNIST ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. # one_hot ์˜ต์…˜์€ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์„ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์˜ˆ์ œ์—์„œ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ one_hot ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("./mnist/data/", one_hot=True) # MNIST ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ํ•œ๋‹ค. from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("MNIST_data/", one_hot=True) ######### # ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ###### # ์ž…๋ ฅ ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ฐจ์›์€ [๋ฐฐ์น˜ํฌ๊ธฐ, ํŠน์„ฑ๊ฐ’] ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. # ์†๊ธ€์”จ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” 28x28 ํ”ฝ์…€๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ 784๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. X = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 784]) # ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 0~9 ์˜ 10 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 10]) # ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. # 784(์ž…๋ ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ฐ’) # -> 256 (ํžˆ๋“ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜) -> 256 (ํžˆ๋“ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜) # -> 10 (๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’ 0~9 ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜) W1 = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([784, 256], stddev=0.01)) # ์ž…๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์— ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ณ  ReLU ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. L1 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(X, W1)) W2 = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([256, 256], stddev=0.01)) # L1 ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์— ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ณ  ReLU ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. L2 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(L1, W2)) W3 = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([256, 10], stddev=0.01)) # ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์€ W3 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•ด 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. model = tf.matmul(L2, W3) cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits_v2(logits=model, labels=Y)) optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(0.001).minimize(cost) ######### # ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ•™์Šต ###### init = tf.global_variables_initializer() sess = tf.Session() sess.run(init) batch_size = 100 total_batch = int(mnist.train.num_examples / batch_size) for epoch in range(15): total_cost = 0 for i in range(total_batch): # ํ…์„œํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ์˜ mnist ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ next_batch ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด # ์ง€์ •ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒํผ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size) _, cost_val = sess.run([optimizer, cost], feed_dict={X: batch_xs, Y: batch_ys}) total_cost += cost_val print('Epoch:', '%04d' % (epoch + 1), 'Avg. cost =', '{:.3f}'.format(total_cost / total_batch)) print('์ตœ์ ํ™” ์™„๋ฃŒ!') ######### # ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ™•์ธ ###### # model ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ธ Y์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. # tf.argmax ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๊ฐ’์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. # ์˜ˆ) [0.1 0 0 0.7 0 0.2 0 0 0 0] -> 3 is_correct = tf.equal(tf.argmax(model, 1), tf.argmax(Y, 1)) accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(is_correct, tf.float32)) print('์ •ํ™•๋„:', sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={X: mnist.test.images, Y: mnist.test.labels}))

 

 

---> ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ํ…์„œํ”Œ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๊ณ  ํŒŒ์ดํ† ์น˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ, ์ˆซ์ž์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์ค˜. ์‹คํ–‰์€ _main_์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ค˜

 

 


 

@app/mnist/number_recognition.py ์ด ํŒŒ์ผ๋งŒ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ด์ค˜

 

 

python app/mnist/number_recognition.py

 

 

--๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ

 

 

 


ํŒจ์…˜_์— ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ  |  TensorFlow Datasets

 

ํŒจ์…˜_์— ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ  |  TensorFlow Datasets

์ด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋Š” Cloud Translation API๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ์…˜_์— ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋‚ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ค์ •์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. Fashion-MNIST๋Š” 60,000๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ

www.tensorflow.org

 

์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ

 

zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist: A MNIST-like fashion product database. Benchmark

 

GitHub - zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist: A MNIST-like fashion product database. Benchmark

A MNIST-like fashion product database. Benchmark :point_down: - GitHub - zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist: A MNIST-like fashion product database. Benchmark

github.com

์ด๊ฑธ ๊นƒ ํด๋ก  ํ•˜๊ธฐ

 

 

 

์•Œ์ง‘ ํ’€๊ธฐ

 

4๊ฐœ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋„ฃ์–ด๋†“๊ธฐ

 

 

 


 

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— 

 

 

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

class MnistTest:
def __init__(self):
self.class_names = ['T-shirt/top', 'Trouser', 'Pullover', 'Dress', 'Coat',
'Sandal', 'Shirt', 'Sneaker', 'Bag', 'Ankle boot']

def create_model(self) -> []:
fashion_mnist = http://keras.datasets.fashion_mnist
(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = fashion_mnist.load_data()

# print('ํ–‰: %d, ์—ด: %d' % (train_images.shape[0], train_images.shape[1]))
# print('ํ–‰: %d, ์—ด: %d' % (test_images.shape[0], test_images.shape[1]))

# plt.figure()
# plt.imshow(train_images[3])
# plt.colorbar()
# plt.grid(False)
http://plt.show()

train_images = train_images / 255.0
test_images = test_images / 255.0

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
for i in range(25):
plt.subplot(5, 5, i + 1)
plt.xticks([])
plt.yticks([])
plt.grid(False)
plt.imshow(train_images[i], cmap=http://plt.cm.binary)
plt.xlabel(self.class_names[train_labels[i]])
http://plt.show()

model = keras.Sequential([
keras.layers.Flatten(input_shape=(28, 28)),
keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
])
"""
relu ( Recitified Linear Unit ์ •๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜• ์œ ๋‹›)
๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ 0๊ณผ 1์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜
softmax
nn (neural network )์˜ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„์ธต์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ classfication ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ function
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฅ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜
"""
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# learning
http://model.fit(train_images, train_labels, epochs=5)
# test
test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(test_images, test_labels)

print('\n ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ •ํ™•๋„: ', test_acc)

# prediction
predictions = model.predict(test_images)
print(predictions[3])
# 10๊ฐœ ํด๋ž˜์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ํ™”
arr = [predictions,test_labels,test_images]
return arr

def plot_image(self, i, predictions_array, true_label, img)->[]:
print(' === plot_image ๋กœ ์ง„์ž… ===')
predictions_array, true_label, img = predictions_array[i], true_label[i], img[i]
plt.grid(False)
plt.xticks([])
plt.yticks([])

plt.imshow(img, cmap=http://plt.cm.binary)
http://plt.show()
predicted_label = np.argmax(predictions_array)
if predicted_label == true_label:
color = 'blue'
else:
color = 'red'

plt.xlabel("{} {:2.0f}% ({})".format(self.class_names[predicted_label],
100 * np.max(predictions_array),
self.class_names[true_label]),
color=color)
@staticmethod

def plot_value_array(i, predictions_array, true_label):
predictions_array, true_label = predictions_array[i], true_label[i]
plt.grid(False)
plt.xticks([])
plt.yticks([])
thisplot = http://plt.bar(range(10), predictions_array, color="#777777")
plt.ylim([0, 1])
predicted_label = np.argmax(predictions_array)

thisplot[predicted_label].set_color('red')
thisplot[true_label].set_color('blue')

 

---> ์ด ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ํ…์„œํ”Œ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๊ณ  ํŒŒ์ดํ† ์น˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ, ํŒจ์…˜์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์ค˜. ์‹คํ–‰์€ __main__์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค˜

python app/mnist/fashion_recognition.py

 

 

 

 

 

 


Discover Ultralytics YOLO models | State-of-the-Art Computer Vision

 

Discover Ultralytics YOLO models | State-of-the-Art Computer Vision

Explore Ultralytics YOLO models - a state-of-the-art AI architecture designed for highly-accurate vision AI modeling. Ideal for businesses, academics, tech-users, and AI enthusiasts.

www.ultralytics.com

 

 

 

 

 

 

๊ณตํŒŒ์ผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ

 

 

 

 

 

detect ํŒŒ์ผ์ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง 

๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ํ”„๋กฌํ”„ํŠธ ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ

import cv2

class FaceDetect:

    def __init__(self):
        self._cascade = 'haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml'

 

 

 

@face_detect.py (5-6) ์ด ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•ด์„œ ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์ •ํ•ด์ค˜

 

class FaceDetect:
    def __init__(self):
        # ํ˜„์žฌ ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ๋””๋ ‰ํ† ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ cascade ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์„ค์ •
        # app/opencv/face_detect.py -> app/data/opencv/haarcascade_frontalface_alt.xml
        current_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
        cascade_path = os.path.join(
            current_dir, "..", "data", "opencv", "haarcascade_frontalface_alt.xml"
        )
        self._cascade = os.path.normpath(cascade_path)

    def read_file(self, image_path=None):
        cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier(self._cascade)

        # ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์„ค์ • (๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ’: app/data/opencv/girl.jpg)
        if image_path is None:
            current_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
            image_path = os.path.join(current_dir, "..", "data", "opencv", "girl.jpg")
            image_path = os.path.normpath(image_path)

        img = cv2.imread(image_path)

        # ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋กœ๋“œ ํ™•์ธ
        if img is None:
            print(f"์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: {image_path}")
            print("ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.")
            return

        face = cascade.detectMultiScale(img, minSize=(150, 150))

        if len(face) == 0:
            print("์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.")
            return
        for idx, (x, y, w, h) in enumerate(face):
            print("์–ผ๊ตด์ธ์‹ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค : ", idx)
            print("์–ผ๊ตด ์ขŒํ‘œ : ", x, y, w, h)
        # ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์„ค์ •
        current_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
        output_path = os.path.join(
            current_dir, "..", "data", "opencv", "face_detect.jpg"
        )
        output_path = os.path.normpath(output_path)

        cv2.imwrite(output_path, img)
        print(f"๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ: {output_path}")
        cv2.imshow("Face Detection", img)
        cv2.waitKey(0)
        cv2.destroyAllWindows()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    face_detect = FaceDetect()
    face_detect.read_file()

 

 

    def read_file(self):
        cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier(self._cascade)
        img = cv2.imread("face.jpg")
        face = cascade.detectMultiScale(img, minSize=(150, 150))
       
    if len(face) == 0;
    print("์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.")
    quit()
    for idx, (x, y, w, h) in enumerate(face):
        print("์–ผ๊ตด์ธ์‹ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค : ", idx)
        print("์–ผ๊ตด ์ขŒํ‘œ : ", x, y, w, h)
        cv2.rectangle(img, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (255, 0, 0), 2)
    cv2.imwrite("face_detect.jpg", img)
    cv2.imshow("Face Detection", img)
    cv2.waitKey(0)
    cv2.destroyAllWindows()
   
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        face_detect = FaceDetect()
        face_detect.read_file()
 
 

 

 

 

python face_detect.py

 

 

 

 

์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋ฝ ๋œธ!

์–ผ๊ตด ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•จ

 

 

 

def mosaic(img, rect, size): (x1, y1, x2, y2) = rect w = x2 - x1 h = y2 - y1 i_rect = img[y1:y2, x1:x2] i_small = cv2.resize(i_rect, (size, size)) i_mos = cv2.resize(i_small, (w, h), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA) img2 = img.copy() img2[y1:y2, x1:x2] = i_mos return img2

 

-- ๋ชจ์ž์ดํฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ 

 

 

    @staticmethod
    def mosaic(img, rect, size):
        (x1, y1, x2, y2) = rect
        w = x2 - x1
        h = y2 - y1
        i_rect = img[y1:y2, x1:x2]
        i_small = cv2.resize(i_rect, (size, size))
        i_mos = cv2.resize(i_small, (w, h), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
        img2 = img.copy()
        img2[y1:y2, x1:x2] = i_mos
        return img2
 

 

 

 

 

์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ, ๋ชจ์ž์ดํฌ ํ•˜๊ธฐ